China, Mongol government and administration
After their initial successes in northern China in 1211 - 15, the Mongols faced the problem of how to rule and extract material benefits from a largely sedentary population. They were assisted by Khitan and Chinese and even Juchen renegades; these defectors were treated as �companions� (n�k�r) of the Mongols and were given positions similar to the higher ranks of the steppe
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